Alternativas de vertimiento y reúso de aguas de producción de yacimientos convencionales y no convencionales de crudo y gas en Colombia

Alternatives for discharge and reuse of produced water from conventional and unconventional oil and gas reservoirs in Colombia

Contenido principal del artículo

Darío Naranjo-Fernández

Resumen

Las aguas de producción son el principal residuo de la explotación de yacimientos convencionales y no convencionales de crudo y gas y deben tratarse y disponerse adecuadamente para evitar la contaminación de las matrices ambientales. No obstante, la normatividad ambiental colombiana relacionada con las alternativas de gestión de estas aguas de producción está dispersa y tiene vacíos. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo analizar las alternativas de vertimiento y reúso de las aguas de producción, establecidas en la normatividad y en literatura especializada, proponer opciones para subsanar los vacíos normativos y presentar las tecnologías de tratamiento para estas aguas. Los resultados de la revisión de la normatividad evidencian vacíos relacionados con el vertimiento de las aguas de producción al aire por evaporación total o parcial en lagunas, además de vacíos y contradicciones en cuanto al vertimiento de las aguas de producción en acuíferos a través de pozos inyectores. En cuanto a la revisión de la literatura especializada, los resultados muestran opciones de reúso diferentes a las consideradas en la normatividad y dos alternativas surgen como las más comunes: recobro mejorado en yacimientos convencionales y operaciones de fracturación hidráulica en yacimientos no convencionales. Igualmente, la literatura especializada presenta una amplia disponibilidad de tecnologías de tratamiento para las aguas de producción; no obstante, su selección depende de sus características y de los límites máximos permisibles de contaminantes según la alternativa de vertimiento y reúso. Como contribuciones, esta revisión discute acerca de las principales problemáticas asociadas a la disposición de las aguas de producción a través de pozos inyectores, o su reúso en pozos productores, que podrían producir la contaminación de acuíferos y suelos: la pérdida de inyectividad de la formación y la corrosión de líneas de conducción. Adicionalmente, propone parámetros de caracterización de aguas de formación y aguas de producción crudas y tratadas, junto con posibles ensayos de compatibilidad con el fin de evitar las problemáticas discutidas.

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